BITCOIN / MINING / PLAIN ENGLISH

BITCOINMINING

Bitcoin mining combines specialised computing hardware, electricity and proof of work. Miners compete to produce valid blocks, while Bitcoin nodes independently check that those blocks obey the network rules.

START HERE / 01

WHAT DOES BITCOIN MINING ACTUALLY DO?

Bitcoin mining is the competitive process used to produce proof of work for new blocks. Mining software assembles candidate blocks and specialised hardware repeatedly performs calculations looking for a result that satisfies the current difficulty target.
01 / ASSEMBLE

BUILD A CANDIDATE BLOCK

Mining software selects valid transactions and arranges them into a proposed Bitcoin block.

02 / COMPUTE

SEARCH FOR PROOF OF WORK

ASIC hardware performs enormous numbers of hashing attempts while searching for a result below the network's current target.

03 / PROPOSE

BROADCAST THE BLOCK

When valid proof of work is found, the miner broadcasts the proposed block to the wider Bitcoin network.

PROOF OF WORK / 02

WHAT IS PROOF OF WORK?

Proof of work makes producing a valid Bitcoin block computationally expensive while allowing the rest of the network to check the result comparatively easily.
HASH

REPEAT THE CALCULATION

Mining hardware repeatedly hashes changing block data, producing a new candidate result each time.

TARGET

MEET THE DIFFICULTY

Only a result satisfying Bitcoin's current proof-of-work target can be used to propose a valid block.

VERIFY

NODES CHECK THE WORK

Bitcoin nodes can independently verify the proof of work and the contents of the proposed block.

CONSENSUS / 03

MINERS DO NOT CONTROL BITCOIN

Miners perform an important role, but finding proof of work does not give a miner authority to rewrite Bitcoin's rules. A proposed block must still satisfy the validation rules enforced independently by Bitcoin nodes.
MINER

PROPOSES A BLOCK

The miner performs proof of work and broadcasts a candidate block to the network.

NODE

CHECKS THE RULES

Bitcoin nodes independently verify transactions, block structure and proof of work against the rules they enforce.

INVALID

REJECTED

A block that violates those rules can be rejected regardless of how much mining work was performed to create it.

NEIL HAMSON / PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE

MINING WAS PHYSICAL

Neil Hamson has hands-on Bitcoin mining experience from working as data centre manager within a student mining operation using ten Antminer S9 units. Bitcoin mining was not an abstract chart or website — it involved real machines, power, heat, noise, networking and operational management.
10 × S9

ANTMINER HARDWARE

Ten Bitmain Antminer S9 machines formed the mining hardware used within the operation.

HEAT / NOISE

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

ASIC miners produce substantial heat and noise. Ventilation, airflow and the physical environment are part of running the hardware.

OPERATIONS

MORE THAN SOFTWARE

Mining combines hardware, networking, electrical power, cooling, monitoring and day-to-day operational management.

HARDWARE / 05

WHAT IS AN ASIC?

Modern Bitcoin mining uses specialised ASIC hardware. These machines are designed specifically for Bitcoin's hashing workload rather than being general-purpose computers.
ASIC

PURPOSE-BUILT HARDWARE

ASIC means application-specific integrated circuit. The hardware is engineered for a narrow, specialised task.

HASH RATE

WORK PER SECOND

Hash rate describes how many hashing attempts mining hardware can perform over a given period.

EFFICIENCY

POWER PER UNIT OF WORK

More efficient mining hardware performs more computational work for the electricity it consumes.

ENERGY / 06

ELECTRICITY, HEAT AND ECONOMICS

Mining is physical computation. ASIC hardware consumes electricity while hashing, and much of that electrical energy ultimately becomes heat that must be managed.
POWER

RUN THE HARDWARE

ASIC miners require a continuous electrical supply while they perform proof-of-work calculations.

HEAT

REMOVE THE HEAT

Operating multiple miners means dealing with significant heat, making airflow and cooling part of the infrastructure.

COST

ECONOMICS MATTER

Electricity price, hardware efficiency, network difficulty, Bitcoin price and transaction fees can all affect mining economics.

POOLS / 07

WHY DO MINERS USE POOLS?

Finding a Bitcoin block is probabilistic. A miner with a small share of the network's total hash rate might wait a very long time to find a block independently.
SOLO

MINE INDEPENDENTLY

A solo miner performs proof of work independently and receives the block compensation if that miner finds a valid block.

With relatively little hash rate, successful blocks may be extremely infrequent.

POOL

COMBINE HASH RATE

Mining pools combine the work of many miners and distribute payments according to the pool's chosen reward system.

Pooling can make income more regular, but it does not remove the proof-of-work requirement.

INCENTIVE / 08

WHY DO MINERS DO THE WORK?

A miner that successfully produces a valid block can receive economic compensation. That combines Bitcoin's block subsidy with transaction fees included in the block.
SUBSIDY

NEWLY ISSUED BITCOIN

Bitcoin's rules allow each valid block to include a predetermined amount of newly issued bitcoin.

FEES

TRANSACTION FEES

The miner can also receive transaction fees associated with transactions included in the block.

HALVING

THE SUBSIDY DECLINES

Bitcoin's block subsidy reduces over time according to its programmed issuance schedule.

DISTINCTION / 09

MINING IS NOT THE SAME AS BUYING BITCOIN

Buying Bitcoin means acquiring BTC from another person or service. Mining means operating specialised computing infrastructure that participates in Bitcoin's proof-of-work process.
BUY

ACQUIRE BTC

Bitcoin can be bought and owned without running mining hardware or participating directly in mining.

MINE

OPERATE INFRASTRUCTURE

Mining requires specialised hardware, electricity and participation in the competitive proof-of-work process.

NEXT / 10

WHERE NEXT?

Mining explains one part of Bitcoin. Continue with whichever part of the system answers the next question.
OVERVIEW

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CONTROL & USE

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BITCOIN / POSITION

hamson.tech does not sell Bitcoin, take Bitcoin orders or hold customer Bitcoin. Neil Hamson owns and uses Bitcoin, accepts Bitcoin for eligible software and development services, and supports wider voluntary adoption of Bitcoin in the United Kingdom, including its use as a means of payment alongside sterling. Bitcoin prices can rise or fall substantially.